Changes in the Family Institution

Changes in the Family Institution Evaluate the impact changes to the family have in a social and political context In order to discuss the changes the family as an institution has gone through and the impact that these changes have had, it is necessary to define the ‘family’. The term ‘family’ is often used to mean a nuclear family, for example two parents, usually married with one plus children. This definition however, in no longer relevant to twenty first century Britain. Factors including ageing populations which result in households containing no children; the delay in having children due to the increase in popularity of career minded independent women; single parenthood caused by divorce/separation; single women conceiving; and finally household division, in other words separated parents remarrying or cohabiting with other partners and their children, known as the reconstituted family. Policies are viewed by some as trying to reinforce this ‘normal’ view of the family. Many policy makers made the assumption, as Dean points out â€Å"the ‘traditi onal’ family consisted of a breadwinning husband who could expect to enjoy life-long full-time employment, earning a wage sufficient†¦to support a dependant wife† (2001:268). They argue that this model never did ‘fit’ society’s reality and as a result, many families who do not fill this mould could have cause to feel estranged from society and its ideology. Kiernan points out that ‘few developments in family life have been quite as dramatic as the recent rises in unmarried cohabitation and having children outside of marriage’ (2002:3). She also states that we should celebrate the family in all its diverse forms and match legislation to support this. Explain the relationship between family structure and Social Issues. Teenage pregnancies, often portrayed as a socially ‘deviant’ act are currently on the decline. Lisa Aria puts forward reasons why Policy makers are explaining the occurrence of teenage pregnancies. With contraception and abortion readily available, they suggest that early childbearing must caused by low expectations of mothers. In other words due to poor educational opportunities â€Å"they see no reason not to get pregnant† (Aria, 2003:200). Aria however, puts a positive spin on this theory when she states that â€Å"many young mothers have a weak attachment to the education system or paid work before pregnancy, and mothering, for them, is a meaningful vocation† and that it â€Å"should not be read as a sign of immaturity, buts its reverse† (212-213). State Intervention. The introduction of the welfare state was originally designed to support a small group of single mothers who were either abandoned or widowed. As Primus and Beeson point out â€Å"welfare has evolved to serve mostly families headed by divorce, separated, or never married mothers† (2002:191). The rise of claimants in these categories, and the growth of cohabitation as an alternative to marriage, has caused â€Å"policymakers and researchers to question whether welfare and tax policies influence a range of decisions about family, including decisions to marry, have children, or cohabit† (Primus and Beeson, 2002:121). This concern over whether means-tested benefits are subconsciously persuading single parent families is reflected in new legislation. Perhaps in a attempt to distance means-tested benefits from single parent families, Dean remarks on how the government has only just â€Å"stopped short of directly compelling mothers to work† (2001:271) with the implemen tation of compulsory ‘work-focused interviews’ for single parents on income support. Evaluate the impact of key family legislation on: Mothers. The main legislation to effect mothers is related to the National Childcare Strategy put forward in 1998. Jane Lewis points out the aims were â€Å"linked to the attack on poverty and social exclusion† and this included subsidised childcare (2003:219). As Dean points out, these policies can be â€Å"fuelling personal moral dilemmas† (2001:274) as policy makers are sending out mixed messages. For example, the government proposed that we â€Å"place greater responsibility on parents for the behaviour of their children† (Kroll and Barrett, quoted in Dean 2001), however the pressure on parents, especially mothers to become involved with paid employment is persistent. Dean’s qualitative study entitled â€Å"Working Parenthood and Parental Responsibility†, found that due to this pressure to find employment encouraged by means-tested benefits such as the Working Tax Credit and the notion of ‘family friendly companies’, cause women to take up e mployment that is temporary, most often part-time and poorly paid. As Bryson and Marsh point out â€Å"recipients of in-work benefits seldom move on to higher paid jobs† (1996:272) and often are unable to dedicate more time and effort into the paid position due to familial responsibilities. Dean does claim however, that some mothers stated that they viewed their â€Å"lack of responsibility as a positive advantage in so far that their employment†¦did not interfere with those commitments that are for them of greater ontological significance† (2001:276). Fathers. Dean summarizes his research on working parenthood by stating, â€Å"men (should) have the same incentives as women to combine employment and parental responsibilities† (2001:283). In 2005, the government announced the proposals of a plan to extend Paternity allowance as a manoeuvre in this direction. As Susan Smillie (2005) states in the Guardian, â€Å"fathers could receive up to three months statutory paternity pay if their partner returns to work after six months†, on top of the two weeks paid leave known as Statutory Paternity Leave. This is a move in the right direction from a father’s perspective. While this would suit many career-minded women who earn more than their partners do, many mothers would perhaps not be so willing to leave their four/five month old baby with their partner if this was a first child. It has been noted by Dean however, that further developments in maternity allowances could seek to disadvantage women in the workplace if they are no t matched by paternity allowances for men, as â€Å"employers might otherwise become increasingly reluctant to engage women† (2001:282). Children. The Child Support Act (1991) is another major legislation that has affected families and their wellbeing. This legislation affects fathers and mothers, however it is the child(ren) at the centre. The aim of the Child Support Act is to recover ‘maintenance’ from the father, which is then paid to the mother. The Family Law Reform Act (1987) and The Children’s Act (1989) make a clear link between â€Å"a father’s obligation to make a financial contribution for his children’s care and his right to have contact with them† (Burghes, Clarke and Cronin, 1997). However, as Bagilhole points out, where the Child Support Agency retrieved money from â€Å"absentee fathersit did not benefit many lone mothers and their children because if they were dependent on benefits the child support they received was deducted pound for pound from income support† (1997:124). Analyse the effect of the media on family values and family structures. William Douglas has outlined the representation of the family and the values it promotes in his study cited in Television Families. He states that Post-War television portrayed a family consisting of women who were sexual but predominantly domestic. May (quoted in Douglas) points out that â€Å"motherhood was the ultimate fulfilment of female sexuality† (1988:140). Douglas states that this could have influenced the rebellion against familial constraints in the 1960’s as after the war there were numerous women in work, which did not coincide with the family ideology portrayed in the media. He states that the domestic roles within the household portrayed in contemporary television with regard to chores and child rearing, are more equally weighted that in prior decades. Women are usually portrayed as being in paid employment and that spouses are more openly intimate. He does state however, that unlike modern society, divorce is rare as â€Å"spouses simply do not divorce, even when relational and/or economic stress appears acute† (2003:112). He states that the ideology present in contemporary media has altered dramatically from the past as it now emphasises â€Å"personal ambition and achievement rather than family life and family relations† (2003:134). Works Cited: Aria, L. (2003) ‘Low Expectations, Sexual Attitudes and Knowledge: Explaining Teenage Pregnancy and Fertility in English Communities’, The Sociological Review, vol. 51, May, pp.199-215. Bagilhole, B. (1997) Equal Opportunities and Social Policy, Essex: Longman Ltd. Dean, H. (2001) ‘Working Parenthood and Parental Obligation’, Critical Social Policy, vol. 21, pp 267-286. Douglas, W. (2003) Television Families: Is There Something Wrong with Suburbia, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Kiernan, K. (2002) ‘Cohabitation in Western Europe: Trends, Issues, and Implications’, in Booth, A. and Crouter, A (ed.) Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation on Families Children, and Social Policy, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Lewis, J. (2003) ‘Developing Early Years Childcare in England, 1997-2002: The Choices for (Working) Mothers’, Social Policy and Administration, vol. 37, June, pp 219-238. Primus, W. and Beeson, J (2002) ‘Safety Net Programs, Marriage and Cohabitation’ in Booth, A. and Crouter, A (ed.) Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation on Families Children, and Social Policy, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Smillie, S. (2005) ‘Paternity Leave’, The Guardian, 19 October. Internet Resources: Burghes, L., Clarke, L., Cronin, N. (1997) Fathers and Fatherhood in Britain. www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/sp120.asp Unknown Author, An Introduction on Social Policy: Welfare and Society. http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/society.htm

BOEING’s Strengths Analysis Essay

Strengths Implications 1. Highly Skilled Managers The operation of the company will run smoothly. The performance of the company will improve and would lead the company to be successful. 2. Provide global customer support It would serve the customers better and it would be very convenient to those customers in other countries to ask for help. This would help the company to gain a better image due to the provided services to help the customers. 3. Outsourcing It can save time for the company to manufacture or assembly its products. 4. Emphasizing the product quality The durability of the company could last long. It gives the company to have a durability image to the customers. Customers would likely be satisfied and the company could gain some customer loyalty. 5. Recognized market leader Customers would likely choose them first as their priority. 6. Strong brand name Customers would easily associate the product. The brand name is instilled in the mind of the customers. Then, customers would think that the product is of good quality and the product would be their major choice when purchasing. The company would be able to generate higher sales for having strong brand name. It also has more advantage than the competitors in many areas. 7. Joint ventures/ Alliances with other aircraft companies It would help the company lessen its burden on producing other parts of aircraft. It aids on making the production of aircraft faster with the service of another companies. It would make the aircraft production for two aircraft companies sharing ideas for the betterment of the aircraft. 8. Many Features This will give higher probability that the customer would buy the product because of the extra features. This is absolutely an advantage for the company. If passengers are satisfied by this aircraft most probably that the airline would buy again from the same company of aircraft gaining customer loyalty. Weaknesses Implications 1. Layoff technical workers It will consume lots of time to hire new workers and will spend lot of money to train them if there is a need to do so. In fact, hiring or choosing the right candidates is a critical operation of the company. This might threaten other workers for being the next candidate to be laid off. And this would lead to lower productivity. Mostly, new workers are to be oriented and supervised so it will take time. 2. Mismanagement of parts or raw materials When the parts are needed, they are mostly not available for the production process. Thus, while in process, a halt might happen. So, it is not efficient at all. 3. Conservative Company The company could not improve well on its system. It could not adapt to the changes in the environment that leads to failures. It believes that its system will work well when in fact there might be other effective ways. It might lose some opportunities that come its way. 4. High Production Cost It might lead to higher cost of product to be able to earn revenue. And it is not consistent to the goal of the customers. It might also lead to lower demand and lesser income. 5. Every 12 years of generating or launching a new aircraft design Competitors might be the first to launch new aircraft that threatens the company. And they might surpass the ability of the company in terms of generating sales. When the time the company launches the new aircraft, most airlines have already purchased the aircraft of its competitors so it would not need to purchase again. Opportunities Implications 1. Transferring technological know how to new products or business The company has lesser difficulties in operating the new acquired business for they are using the same method from their own company. This means that growth occur in the country. 2. Extend reputation to new geographic area The Boeing company not only would want their domestic country know them but also to other geographic areas. As of now, airlines are more familiar with Boeing than its competitors. 3. Acquisition of rival aircraft company It means that there would be fewer competitors. It would also strengthen the system of the company. Because of involvement of more employees. These employees would contribute knowledge and expertise to help the company grow. New way of running the business may supplement in the development of the company. I’m one way or another; it serves its purpose of improvement. 4. Expanding the company’s product line to meet a broader range of customer needs The company may gain advantage on investing in a different product line. Facing new competitors would be a challenge on the part of the company. There might be opportunities waiting for the company. It is also an additional income for the company if it becomes successful. And to meet the needs of the customers by providing new products would lead to an aggressive and healthy competition. It also helps build the economy of the country if there is new development in companies. And it also leads to high employment because there’s a need to hire more employees to implement the new business activities. Threats Implications 1. Competitor The competitor might out beat them and threat is higher for their market share. Lack of planning would have big impact to the company. They should anticipate for the rivalry between them. Timing and being competitive is important. If they are not met, this would incur loss in the  company. 2. Trade Barriers They may encounter difficulties in the regulation regarding aircraft imposed by the country to which they import their products to. They may also need documents before releasing or create an aircraft. 3. Deregulation of Airlines The regulation of the company for its customers would compromise in order to gain favor of the customers. This may affect the standard operation of the company and may also result to disorganized process of company operation. 4. Terrorist Attack The horrible incident of 9/11 may also be a cause of not buying another aircraft. People of that country would not want to travel because they are threat by the terrorist attack. It would results to decrease the people who are traveling and lead the airline customers freeze to buy aircraft, since the people who travel has been reduced. 5. Supply and demand for the aircraft The more people that are not traveling, the more chances that the airline industry won’t buy new airplanes. This may results to low demand.

The Constitution Defends a Tyranny-free Government

How much do you know about tyranny? In May of 1787, 55 men came together, confronted with the reality that their current Constitution, the Articles of Confederation, was not working. The situation was the result of the desire to form a tyranny free government. Now they would have to create a new stronger government that could also protect against tyranny. Three ways the Constitution defends against tyranny are federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances. Federalism is one of the ways that helps defend against tyranny. Federalism granted powers to the central government and to the state. They share a portion of the powers between them, as shown in the diagram, like the power to take and borrow money (Doc A). With overlapping powers, neither groups would have complete control, yet would retain enough power to subdue any uprising made by the other party. 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The Source and Cause of Violent Tendencies in Humans Essay

The Source and Cause of Violent Tendencies in Humans Philosophers since the beginning of time have debated over the source and cause of violent tendencies in humans that in turn produce global conflicts, to solve the age old question, man or beast? Global conflict can with out a doubt be completely accredited to the human race, but what are the particular reasons for humans to cause such conflicts? There are many topics that have been argued by philosophers and historians over the connection between the reasons the human race and global conflict. One such topic is the gender based theories and sexual differences of men and women. Others believe that religion, with particular emphasis on monotheistic beliefs, is the major basis of†¦show more content†¦When looking at the specific numbers men are mostly the source of human violence, especially men age fifteen to twenty-nine years of age, and there are many possible explanations for the reason why young men are the leading cause of violence. David Barash offers a possible starti ng point in which he asserts that men have always held the positions involving killing, â€Å"or what might be called the ‘killing establishment’— soldiers, executioners, even slaughterhouse workers – is overwhelmingly male† (Barash 1). When men could no longer play the hunter role, they still would have the urge or animalistic inclination to compete or kill one another, which leads to violence, hence; men began killing each other. This leads to gender division, which Carol Adams blames on the fact that the world has always been a patriarchial system. 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